No

2022 AAHA canine vaccination guidelines state shelter dog with mild illness may be vaccinated

immune mediated polyradiculitis 

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) or coon hound paralysis

Yes if otherwise healthy

No if cat is clinically sick

No

No according to the manufacturer.

killed vaccine.  But still best to take precautions

In most cases yes.

Maybe not when auto immune doses used

panleukopenia, parvovirus, canine distemper, adenovirus

Best to avoid

Trauma

neoplasia

infection (tooth root abscess)

   fungal

   bacterial

coagulopathy

Parasitic

Foreign body   

CT scan

Do radiography first.  The process of doing rhinoscopy can cause bleeding or temporary changes in the nasal cavity which would impact radiographic appearance

Topical:  epinephrine, phenylephrine

systemic:  blood transfusion therapy, desmopressin

improvised nasopharyngeal tamponade device (ie, condom affixed to a nasogastric tube)

Hydra Care by Purina

You will create a behavioral problem. The cat will start running away from you when you approach him or her.

If the gut works - USE it.

50 to 60 ml/kg (cat)

SG up 1.080

Cats evolved in an arid desert environment (Egypt)

Add water to food.  Make dry food "cereal".  Make wet food "soup"

water bowl more accessible (every floor), outside

water fountain

flavored ice or ice gruel

Bad.  It does not prevent recurrence, it stresses the cat, it adds cost.  Note this conclusion is for recurrence, not for unblocking a cat that comes in obstructed

Alpha 1 adronergic anatgonist

NAVLE pearl:

α₁ stimulation = vasoconstriction + urinary tract contraction

α₁ blockade = vasodilation + urinary tract relaxation.

 Hypotension, lethargy, GI upset, ptyalism

Give 0.25 mg to 1 mg PO.  Give 10 to 30 minutes before attempting to unblock cat.  It is unlikely that prazosin will unblock I can't buy itself. But the goal is to relax the urethra to make catheterization easier

Phenoxybenzamine

I actually found this better than prazosin even though more people use prazosin.

They are good.  They help a lot.  

Take a 4 ounce container of Oticlenz or equivalent ear cleanser.  Remove 20 cc. Add 10 cc dexamethasone injectable.  Add 10 cc of Betadine solution. Applied to ears 2 to 4 times per week. Maybe three drops each t

ime.

ear cleaning

omega 3 fatty acids

hyposensitization - good in theory but not as easy as it sounds

hypo allergenic diet (sometimes)

A standardized clinical scoring system used to quantify the severity of inflammation in the external ear canal and to objectively follow response to treatment.

Allergy by far.

A dog with hyperemic ear canals that are pruritic is almost always allergy or topical drug adverse effect. If it gets secondarily infected either with yeast or bacteria – this is when you get an exudate.

Surgically opening up a fluid filled sack (cyst, abscess, pyometra) and suturing it to the skin, such that the fluid grains to the outside and not inside the animal. With this procedure, the fluid fill structure is not removed.

High rate of recurrence

Removal of salivary gland.

These are benign processes.  Nevertheless it can potentially obstruct the airway or cause aspiration, pneumonia with saliva, which can be a much more serious situation.

Very good control with once a day injection

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) that measures glucose in the interstitial fluid under the skin using a small sensor.

Expensive

Not necessary

59%

caustic or corrosive agents eg, bleach, chemicals), 

high risk for aspiration pneumonia (eg, altered mentation, laryngeal paralysis, absent gag reflex), 

protracted vomiting after toxin ingestion, 

respiratory distress, 

ingestion of a nontoxic or very low toxicity substance or dose, 

severe acid−base   

Chemo receptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

Dexmedetomidine

Brimonidine

Vestibular

alpha-2–adrenergic receptors 

atipamezole.

Salt

Risk for hypernatremia and sodium toxicosis49

Syrup of ipecac 

Risk for cardiotoxicosis49

Sodium carbonate or other irritants 

Potential for severe mucosal injury and lower efficacy50,51

Apomorphine

Ropinirole (clevor)

Yes

Tachycardia

muscle tremors

Alpha-adrenergic agonist effects of apomorphine on the conjunctival epithelium..

Aerobic and anaerobic culture

Takes a long time to get results.

Morbiidity is the number or percentage of animals that are sick or have a condition as opposed to mortality - the number of animals that die from this condition

Light has different physical properties when passed through fluid that has cells or bacteria in it versus clean fluid.  This difference is largely consistent and can be used to diagnose bacterial infections as a point of care (POC) service.

Relative light units (RLUs).

Esophagus

No

Weakness

The dog has more strength, pushing off with two legs than with just one leg..

Anti-Colinesterase  receptor antibody (AChR)

Anticholinesterase drugs

True - typically pelvic them weakness is worse than thoracic

By Digitail palpation, you can feel the cervix with uterine prolapse. With vaginal prolapse, this is not possible.

Hyperosmotic topical solutions:  50% dextrose, hypertonic saline.

Cyclosprines

By its effect on the mitochondrial metabolism.  Basically it slows the removal of cyclosporine such that you can get an equivalent response by using half the amount of cyclosporine. It’s a cost saving measure.

Put the cyclosporine capsules in the freezer.  Cold cyclosporine does not irritate the stomach

Prednisone

Oclacitinib

Tacrolimus topical

Azathioprine

UV light

Stem cell therapy (future possibility)

Antibiotics are generally not recommended. Metronidazole usually is avoided too, but if it is used, it is for its immune moderating effect.

German Shepherd

A brucellosis specific antigen used for diagnostic purposes

Young dogs, especially males that roam.

Discospndylitis

No hard to cure.  And has potential zoonotic potential.

oclacitinib is contraindicated in dogs <1 year of age because of the risk for systemic infections in puppies with immature immune systems

Yes

The dose should be reduced by 50% for premedication and 30% for analgesia.

Joint problems

Staining dental enamel

Doxycycline is more lipid soluble, and as a result is less likely to stay enamel

In dogs with CAD, structural and immunologic abnormalities weaken this barrier, allowing increased allergen penetration and promoting the chronic inflammation and pruritus that characterize CAD

Several nutrients contribute to maintaining the integrity and function of the skin barrier. Foods enriched with fatty acids (eg, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and antioxidants (eg, zinc, vitamins C and E) may help support skin health and modulate inflammatory pathways.

Washes away allergens

Strengthens the epidermal barrier - fatty acids, oatmeal, and/or ceramides

Antigen exposure, e.g. pollen count

False

• Tachycardia or bradycardia detection during physical examination

• Syncope or collapse

• Confirmed cardiomyopathy on echocardiography or when suspected based on thoracic radiographs or cardiac biomarkers

• Monitoring during sedation or anesthesia, as well as perioperative monitoring

• Monitoring of patients involved in trauma or exposed to toxicity

• Systemic illness requiring hospitalization

• Electrolyte abnormalities

• Pericardiocentesis

• Drug monitoring, including antiarrhythmic therapy, for effect or adverse effects

• Calculation of a mean heart rate in atrial fibrillation

Tall p waves indicate rt atrial enlargement

Faster with inspiration – vagus which slows the heart rate nerve is inhibited

Ventricular

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma

Sub lumbar lymph nodes

Yes – amongst many reasons, anal gland tumors will be detected sooner

Less opportunity to metastasize, easier surgery with less complications, better results

Surgery

Maggot

Yes

Yes

Rescue + transportation.

Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC)

National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa for identification 

Yes

Male screw worms are raised and irradiated.  This makes them sterile.  They are released into affected areas and mate with females.  But result in no offspring.

South America is too extensive, and terrain is too big and diverse

Diascopy involves applying pressure to the skin, often with a microscope slide, to determine whether the skin blanches (ie, turns white; positive diascopy) or remains red (negative diascopy).

Skin remains red when pressed with a glass slide > RBC outside of blood vessels

GI erosions and ulcers.

Immune mediated disease

topical ophthalmic NSAIDs

topical ophthalmic NSAIDs

GI erosions and ulcers.

topical ophthalmic NSAIDs

topical ophthalmic NSAIDs

GI erosions and ulcers.

This was very difficult. I got one out of five my first go round. The good news is that everyone learns more from the mistakes they made then from getting the answer right.

You will have a better chance of getting questions right if you review solensia

Wait 3 to 4 weeks and recheck ALT so long as dog rremains clinically normal

Abdominal ultrasound

Copper

Dog is clinically sick

other clin path abnormalities

abnormal bile acid

Breeds with familial liver issues

regenerative

nonregenerative

5 days

Anemia of inflammation

Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease

Hormone-Associated Anemia

Immune-Mediated Nonregenerative Anemia

ferroportin

Decreased EPO

Uremic toxins increase RBD fargility

Bleeding intestinal erosions and ulcers

Decreased appetitie

Myelophthisic Anemia (Space-Occupying Lesions)

Hypothyroidism

Hypoadrenocorticism

The immune directed activity is directed at RBC precursors at some point before they are released into circulation

Bone marrow aspirate with cytology and bone marrow biopsy.

40 days

5 days

Painful

Thick coat hides lesions which can be surprizing big.

Cytology

Rods > start with fluroquinilones

cocci > stsrt with cephalexin or clindamycine

signalment

clinical history

medication history

full description of the sampled lesion or mass eg, size, location, duration, shape, texture, appearance.

Attach a picture

Big Blue Balls

Blue dots on surface of RBC's (easy to miss)

PCR.

Cigar shaped

Large cells with thick clear capsule

Morulae (clusters of small bacteria) inside of neutrophils)

No

oval-shaped yeast structures with a thin, clear halo and a basophilic, eccentrically placed nucleus in neutrophils and monocytes

Frequent small (2-5 µm), round-to-ovoid structures with basophilic nuclei and small rod-shaped kinetoplasts were noted extracellularly and within macrophages

No - 

Always take travel history.

RBC's

neutrophils

Monocytess.

Syndrome 1 - artic breeds (Huskies, Malamutes).  genetic defect in Zn absorption

Syndrome 2 - dietary deficiency or "obstruction" to absorption - phytates

Zinc methionine

epidermal parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

clean

clean-contaminated

contaminated

dirty

Inflammatory Phase (Days 0-4)

Proliferative Phase (Days 4-12)

Maturation/Remodeling Phase (up to 12-18 months)

Yes

foster autolysis of damaged tissue

aid leukocyte migration

encourage local preservation of cytokines and growth factors

enable contact of systemically administered antibiotics with the wound bed

encourage epithelialization

decrease scar production

decrease pruritus and pain.

Tissue sample, e.g. punch biopsy - better then surface swab

Anallgesia +/- sedation

As the covering layer dries, necrotic tissue stick to it and are removed when the dressing is changed.

Suture loops are made aound the wound edge

Umbilical tape is uswed in zig zag fasten to hold primary dressing in place

Atleast once a day

They can attack and lay eggs in healthy tissue

No.  45 degrees F is the cutoff point

Soft tissue destruction made woorse by secondary bacterial infection

identify the larvae (maggot)

Physical removal of larvae

wound care

antiparasitic administration

lotilaner (credelio)

moxidectin (proheart)

praziquantel (droncit)

pyrantel (strongid)

afoxolaner (Nexgard)

sarolaner (simparica)

Nitenpyram (capstar)

Spinosad (comfortis)

ivermectin (Ivomec)

Adult flies only mate once. Female flies that mate with a sterile male lay nonfertile eggs. Millions of sterile males can be produced through irradiation and released in areas where NWS is endemic or at risk for emergence.

Yes

Companion Animal Parasite council

CAPC

https://capcvet.org/guidelines/cochliomyia-hominivorax/

positive contrast retrograde urethrography

presence of a perineal bulge

a perineal bulge larger in size

heterogeneous perineal tissue

Soft tissue destruction made woorse by secondary bacterial infection

Triancinalone (vetalog, kenalog)

High molecular weight

Release growth factors - promotes healing

Mediates inflammation

modulates immune response

Rodents - especially rats

Vaccination - most important

 avoiding overcrowding in shelters and boarding kennels

implementing proper drainage infrastructure

providing rodent control

discouraging predation.

Diagnosis can thus be optimized by combining acute and convalescent phase serologic testing using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with PCR testing on urine and blood.

Doxycycline 5mg/kg bid for 14 days

4 serovar

Glucose NOT rreabbsorbed by renal tubules.  Lost in urine which if your cat is a biabetic is a good thing.

Ketosis.

Fructosamine level

2.4 mmol/L

Good but not perfect

Serum fructosamine return to the reference interval within 30 days of treatment in ≈70% of naive diabetic cats

peripheral neuropathy resolved in 75% of affected cats after 6 months of treatment

Ketyoacidosis

5-6% rate of occurence

Low carbohydrate

Canned preferred because more palatable

No

22 - 31%

Mild cases

Client wants a holistic approach

large increases (>20%) in heart rate, respiratory rate, and/or blood pressure,

Ligating ovarian pedicles

concurrent use of different classes of drugs that produce analgesia via different mechanisms.

It is good.

Dorsal. commisure

Migration of RBCs across uterine arteries into the vaginal lumen resulting in bloody discharge typically seen during proestrus and early estrus.

A postpartum uterine condition in dogs in which the placental attachment sites fail to regress (involute) normally after whelping

Sedation (optional)

Large, clean, disposable otoscope cone and lighted otoscope (may not be needed for small dogs)

Cotton-tipped applicators moistened with saline or distilled/sterile water

Glass microscope slides

Stains (eg, Romanowsky-type stain) for cytology

Light microscope

Immersion oil and coverslip (if slide will be saved).

proestrus

estrus

diestrus

anestrus

High molecular weight

16 weeks

Within one week of parturition

Stops (premature) uterine contractions

Bradycardia

peaked T waves

disappearing p waves

No

Hyperkalemia causes the resting membrane potential of cardiac myocytes to become less negative (partially depolarized). As potassium rises:

Sodium channels become inactivated.

Cardiac conduction slows.

Life-threatening arrhythmias can develop.

Calcium gluconate raises the threshold potential of cardiac cells, restoring the difference between the resting membrane potential and the threshold potential. This stabilizes the myocardial cell membrane

Beta blockers - terbutaline, albuterol nasal spray

Regular IV insulin (0.25-0.5 IU/kg) followed by an IV bolus of 50% dextrose

Bicarbonate deficit (mEq) = (normal HCO3¯ − actual HCO3¯) × 0.3 × body weight (kg). Typically, a value of 20 to 24 is used as the normal HCO3¯

Sacrococcygeal  epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine

As much as possible.  Use a three way stopcock.

No right or wrong answer.  How would you handle this?

Gold standard care is the best available diagnostic or treatment approach

Spectrum of care is a clinical decision-making framework that recognizes there may be multiple medically acceptable approaches to managing a patient.

Place the sensor parallel and adjacent to the desired teeth, on the lingual aspect of the mandible. Then, aim the tube head perpendicular to the sensor.

Bisecting angle technique

Dog is anesthetized but not intubated.

:ess abdominal content weight on the incision

Obesity

Pyometra

Pregnancy

Kittens < 12 weeks

Estrus

Left lateral

After removing the left uterine horn, follow this to the cervix, identify the right uterine horn, and follow it cranial

Dog is allergic to something that it is walking on

No right or wrong answer.  This is just something you need to think about.

Synotic

Very useful to control allergic otitis once it is "cured".

Only allergen-specific immunotherapy can alter the immune response and address the cause of atopic disease.

Takes a long time to work.

Does not allways work (but you don't know for a long time)

You can still have flareups

Dog is allergic to something that it is walking on

No right or wrong answer.  This is just something you need to think about.

Synotic

Very useful to control allergic otitis once it is "cured".

Only allergen-specific immunotherapy can alter the immune response and address the cause of atopic disease.

Takes a long time to work.

Does not allways work (but you don't know for a long time)

You can still have flareups

No

Serum Amyloid A (SSA)

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

Pancreatitis

Sepsis

Intestinal

GI protein loss

No, e.g. xylitol

Intubate,  This means the dog or cat is anesthetized.

Anticonvulsant

Gastric protectant.  best for NSAID

Hepatoprotectant

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor.

No.

Lower Ca level in hypercalcemic petiants, e.g. Vitamin D toxicity

Hypoxia

Anemia compromises oxygen delivery to the kidneys, compounded by loss of vasculature (ie, peritubular capillary rarefaction).

Severe anemia - PCV < 20.  Neeed for rapid fix

Hypertension

Iron injections (iron dextran, 50 mg/cat IM)

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors.

Excessive tension on suture line

strategic releasing incisions

The video in the article demonstrating this is excellent.

maxillary canine

Dental radiography

Pack off the area with a sponge or clotting material (eg, absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponges, bone wax) for 10 to 15 minutes.

Note- This happens and can be very disconcerting

Five (Number of cats + 1)

Also at least one on each floor

Note - This is my explanation.

Cats never blame themselves.

If they feel pain when they go to urinate in the litter box it must be the litter box fault.

Thderefore (to a cat) it makes sense to try a different surface.

Marking.

This is actually a normal behavior in cats.

Fluoxetine

Paroxetine

Clomipramine

l-theanine

 a-casozepine

LDH

One week

An A-line is a horizontal reverberation artifact seen on lung ultrasound (POCUS).  A-lines are generally a sign of a normally aerated lung.

A B-line is a vertical ultrasound artifact seen during lung POCUS that indicates loss of normal lung aeration immediately beneath the pleura.

Subjective and open to interpretation.

When you have expectations and your findings validate this even if it is wrong.

LDH

Age

Breeds predisposed:  Boxers, Rottweilers, West Highland white terriers, Maltese, kelpies, poodles, border collies, and Staffordshire bull terriers

One to two weeks.

Boxers > 6 yrs

Debridement - remove diseased corneal tissue

E collar

analgesia

Subjective and open to interpretation.

When you have expectations and your findings validate this even if it is wrong.

POCUS - Point of care ultrasound

No

Back-and-forth movement seen at the pleural line as the visceral pleura slides against the parietal pleura during respiration.

If absent consider pneumothorax

Thoracostomy (chest) tube

tilt head down (blood flows out)

intubate and pack laryngeal area with gauze

Pack the enlarged nares with cotton-tipped applicators soaked in a vasoconstricting nasal solution (eg, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline).

Debridement - remove diseased corneal tissue

Yes - or at least I would

PT - Prothrombin time

a PTT - aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)

BMBT - Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time 

The removal of obstructive tissue in the nares which thereby allows better airflow.

Surgical removal (partial resection) of an elongated soft palate

Surgical removal of everted laryngeal saccules,

The ala vestibuloplasty seems like a great technique with the theoretical advantages. But as a primary care veterinarian, it scares me a bit. I have done alar wing amputation (trader technique) It helps and is pretty simple to do.  Usually, I I've done it in conjunction with a routine spay.

In the world of treating animals, incremental therapy has a place as opposed to goal standard therapy, simply because of limitations of specialist availability and of course cost.

POCUS - Point of care ultrasound

No

Back-and-forth movement seen at the pleural line as the visceral pleura slides against the parietal pleura during respiration.

If absent consider pneumothorax

Thoracostomy (chest) tube

Pet owners say they will go to extreme legnths to save their pets yet when faced with a critical life threatening situation they do not behave this way.

Cost is the big one (44%)

Not being sure if the issue was serious enough to warrant a visit (25%)

Not being able to get a timely appointment (17%)

Work or family scheduling conflicts (16%).

One line (Google) search

Artificial intelligence

Remote telemedicine

Get them in quick, ideally same day.

If a pet is to have surgery, offered to have client drop off the pet the day before in order to accommodate the clients schedule

Doing what you can for the Pette within the means of the owner. I personally call this,"best paying for the buck approach".

Urine Protein creatinine ratio (UPCR)

Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Centrifuge

Hematuria - the RBC's will form pellet on the bottom of the centrifuge tube after centrifugation

Hemoglobinuria - the supernatant stays red after centrifugation.

Glomerulus

Antithrombin is lost in the urine

An inherited or occasionally acquired disease of the proximal renal tubules that leads to defects in the resorption of glucose, ketones, amino acids, phosphate, bicarbonate, calcium, and/or potassium, as well as various renal defects.

A pathologic state causes an increase in plasma concentration of small proteins that are able to pass freely through a healthy glomerulus and are abundant enough to overwhelm the resorptive capacity of the renal tubules.

Hemoglobin, Bence Jones proteins, myoglobulin

30

Echocardiography

For whatever it's worth, if I were to choose one test, it would be radiology because it gives you more global picture of what's going on with the entire thorax, particularly congestive heart failure.

5 to 7 days

stabilize patient

analgesis / sedation

clip hiar and clean wound

cover surface with sterile aqueous gel

Robert Jones banfdage

Hyperextension

VARUS → distal limb points IN

VALGUS → distal limb points OUT

Collateral ligament damage

False

FDA-approved transdermal products provide significantly more reliability than compounded transdermal medications.

Methimazole

Phenobarbital

Fluoxetine

This was a trick question.  Methimazole. is considered a hazzard is drugged for pregnant women. But methimazole is for hyperthyroid cats and not hypothyroid cats.

Not really.  The author listed it as an appropriate transdermal drug, but in reading the description he provides, it really doesn't sound so great.

False

An injectable analgesic.

 a monoclonal antibody that targets nerve growth factor

In the long run, weight loss is the most important thing. However, that is a long process. Pain control is most important at the start. Without that the cat is likely to be immobile, which will compromise the joints.

From ChatGPT. 

PSGAG - IM injection, works fast, FDA approved, active OA treatment

Chondroiten glucosamine - oral, refreshes key ingredients in joint fluid.

Clearly Chat likes PSGAG better.  I found the opposite in practice.  However if I were still in practice, I would give PSGAG another try.

Yes

IV Bolus - 2mg/kg

CRI - 3mg.kg/hr

Neurologic signs of:  excitation, agitation, nystagmus, respiratory depression.  May be difficult to detect in an anesthetized patient.

Awake cats clear faster.

Anesthetize cats have lower cardiac output and therefore lower hepatic clearance

Distal extremities

compulsive. disorder

Erythematous, crusted lesion that progresses to alopecia, thickening of the skin, erosions, and ulcers.

Allergy

Identify secondary infection.

Yes - 94% of cases

Fresh sample

looking for motile protozoa

No

The recommendation used to be different. Over a period of time I came to realize that I was cleaning the lab result and not the animal.

Neurologic signs of:  excitation, agitation, nystagmus, respiratory depression.  May be difficult to detect in an anesthetized patient.

Awake cats clear faster.

Anesthetize cats have lower cardiac output and therefore lower hepatic clearance

Parasites with heavy and dense eggs.

Cestodes and trematodes

Elevation of the bilateral third eyelid (ie, nictitating membrane) with no other ocular findings.

Topical phenylepherine 1%

It is an alpha adrenergic agonist which has an effect on the sympathetic nervous system and resolves Haws syndrome

Prebiotics and probiotics.

Direct contact

Fomites

Early in acute disease and prior to application of ocular stains that may interfere with test results).

Good husbandry - reduce stress, nutrition, hyydration, clean environment

Topical - cidofovir

Systemic - Famciclovir

Usually no

Aminoglycasides

Fluoroquinilones

Eliminated through the kidneys and concentrated in urine.

Pillow foot

Aminoglycasides

Fluoroquinilones

Polyclonal gammapathy

Not known for sure.  But immune dysfunction is leading candidte

Maybe - avoid silica based litter in cats with these conditions

antibiotic stewardship and bacterial resistance.

Best to avoid.

Increased cardiac work load expected > hypertension and bradycardia

Yes.

Anticholinergic (Antimuscarinic)

Next generation alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

https://www.dechra-us.com/our-products/us/companion-animal/dog/prescription/zenalpha-medetomidine-and-vatinoxan-hydrochlorides-injection

rapid onset

short duration of action

quick redistribution

short elimination half-life.

Apnea

Hypotension

1mg/kg/min

a drop in the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood, usually detected by a pulse oximeter (SpO₂).

Yes 

I used to do this a lot because it is much cheaper than surgery.   Sometimes I did it with intermittent aspiration.

It is harder for the auricular cartilage to adhere to the pinnal skin.

Prep the area

Incise the skin.  Not the articular cartilage,  S shaped incision.

Remove clots and flush the cavity.

In one way or another secure the skin to the cartilage with sutures.

FHV-1.   Herpes

Slight advantage

Acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion, 

fibrocartilaginous embolism

hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE)

Intervertebral Disc disease.

All are nondegenerative conditions with acute to peracute onset of myelopathic signs in dogs. 

ANNPE → HIT

The nucleus pulposus hits the cord → contusion.

FCE → INFARCT

Fibrocartilage blocks a vessel → ischemia/infarction.

HNPE → SQUEEZE

Hydrated nucleus pulposus remains in the canal → compression.

VHS is larger

Brachycephalic hearts appear to have large hearts

Use a right lateral thoracic radiograph.

Identify the ventral border of the carina.

Draw a straight line from the ventral aspect of the carina to the most caudal aspect of the left atrium where it intersects the dorsal border of the caudal vena cava.

Take that measured distance and transpose it onto the vertebral column.

Start at the cranial edge of T4 and extend the measurement caudally along the vertebral column.

Record the length in vertebral body units, generally to the nearest 0.1 vertebra.

That number is the VLAS.

MMVD - lung pathology and associated radiographic changes tend to start at perihilar region annd extend caudal dorsally.

DCM - pathologic changes tend to be ventral

Reduced.

Pulmonary veins are hypoperfused.

 VOHC - products that meet preset standards of plaque and/or tartar control in dogs and cats.

It doesn't necessarily mean that VOHC products are better, only that they have proven themselves to a panel of experts that they meet certain standard standards.

This is an opinion question. But I don't think so. Not every client is capable of brushing its dogs or cats teeth. And not every dog lends itself to such daily procedures. And if the pet resist it could lead to behavioral issues.

There are passive products that can be used

No right or wrong answer here.  But come up with something - atleast three products.

Two

Wild carnivores

raccoons, mink, muskrats, foxes, coyotes, otters but can also infect domestic dogs and cats.

A copepod is a tiny aquatic crustacean found in freshwater and marine environments. 

Microscopic or only a few millimeters long 

Form an important part of zooplankton.

Swollen area with a worm in the center

Don't let dog or cat drink contaminated water or eat amphibians or raw fish

Guinea worm

FNNA - fine-needle nonaspiration

A copepod is a tiny aquatic crustacean found in freshwater and marine environments. 

Microscopic or only a few millimeters long 

Form an important part of zooplankton.

20 gauge

quicker

does not need full anesthesia

can be processed and interpretted at clinic

safer

less expensive

FNA / FNNA does not provide as reliable in accurate diagnostic material

Ointment

Two to three days beyond clinical cure.

Use caution.  Most cases of feline conjunctivitis is infectious.

Call back in one or two days after drug is started.  Most drug reactions occur soon after application.

On Lomg Island it is diclofenac and ketorolac.

Chronic hypoxia of the ocular surface and increased long-term (rebound) clinical signs are possible.

Yes

I have seen good improvement with these drugs in many dogs. But I have seen very few clients who have been able to administer these drugs forever and therefore they eventually fail. This is compounded by the fact that KCS tends to occur in brachiocephalic little dogs that want to kill you when you approach their face

excessive salivation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting

No.  Systemic antibiotics are generally indicated because the infection tends to involve respiratory or other anatomical areas

Bacterial resistance.

Retinal toxicity

Discontinued (according to article)

It only needs to be given twice a day.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) classifies cidofovir as a hazardous drug.

Patients with significant clinical signs and corneal ulceration.

No.  There are conflicting study results.

Note - I've used lysing supplementation a lot. I am not sure it always helps. But I have not seen too many cats harmed by it.

Silicone

Flushing the uethra in a retrograde manner to releive obstruction.

No

sterile lubricants

Use sedation or anesthesia

use urethral relaxants, prazocin, phenoxybenzamine

Therapeutic cystocentesis

frozen reb rubber tubes - keep in freezer.  The stiffness from being frozen will help pass the catheter.  Then as it warms up it becomes more pliable

distress

vocalization (eg, barking, whining)

drooling

destroying household items

house soiling

attempting to escape the crate or home

Limbic system

• Be positive: Reward positive behaviors and avoid reprimanding unwanted behavior.

• Only reward calm behavior: Ignore attention-seeking behavior.

• No more drama when you come and go: Remain calm when

coming and going from the home

• Develop your dog’s independence: 

Serotonin

3 to 12 weeks

Lack of positive, early, and appropriate exposures to humans, other dogs, noises, and novel stimuli can lead to aggression.

True

It can be a very challenging and difficult conversation with the client when you was a veterinarian see a developing aggressive behavior, and the client refuses to recognize it.

Peyting the doog on the forehead (especially by strangers)

staring

leaning over

sudden movements

5 to 9 years

Anything painful

Anything stressful

resource guarding

Canine cognitive dysfunction

Not good.

This is so much different than a generation ago when acepromazine was the "go to drug".

Fluoxetine

Clomipramine

Thunder shirt

phermones (Adaptil collar)

white noise

secluded "safe room"

A spectrum of clinical signs caused by the effects of elevated serotonin levels.

No

Supplements that contain tryptophan can be converted into serotonin and contribute to this syndrome.

CNS

GI

48 to 72 hours

No

Agitation

Acepromazine 

Chlorpromazine

Some serotonin receptor antagonist activity

Cyproheptadine

Tremors

Methocarbamol 

Note risk for CNS/respiratory depression with high doses.

Seizures - Phenobarbital 

Propofol at 2–6 mg/kg IV or 0.1–0.6 mg/kg/min CRI

Arrhythmias = In tachycardic patients (dogs, >180 bpm; cats, >220–240 bpm) not responsive to sedation, use of β-blockers may be necessary.

benzodiazapenes

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

Mg containing cathartics

rhabdomyolysis

myoglobinuria

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

renal hypoxia/failure

respiratory/CNS depression,

Dobermans

 serotonergic and dopaminergic drug

There are not many.  Very often a client would have to travel long distances just to be evaluated. This becomes more of a burden if multiple Recheck visits are recommended.

No

Ventral

Easier to see trigone and extend incision to urethra if necessary

Normograde - bladder to urethral orifice

This can lead to obstruction.

Simple interrupted

The bites should engage the seromuscular layers and submucosa (holding layer), while avoiding penetration of the mucosa.

 Suture bites should be 3 to 4 mm apart

Sutures should not penetrate into bladder lumen

Confirm that no stones are left behind

Azotemia

Hypotensxion

Close the leak with a simple interrupted or cruciate pattern. Use monofilament absorbable suture. Talk to me.

Two to four months

perineal hernia

perianal tumor

prostamegaly (caution - could also be neoplasia)

loss of penile spines

continued urine spraying

odiferous urine

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation

Anti-Müllerian hormone biomarker tests

Note - In the real world of veterinary medicine I did not remember the protocol for these test. However, it's easy enough to check on this from the lab.

Yes

Note - I do not believe this is as reliable as suggested in the article

Retained testicles have higher incidence or neoplasia and torsion

Condition is genetic

A fibrous band of connective tissue that helps guide the descent of a gonad during embryonic development.

Paramedian lateral to prepuce

Prostate is medial and fixed.  Caudal to bladder,  Dugtus deferens is dorsal to prostate.

Ductus defefens runs lateral ventral to testicle.

Testicle is not fixed in position.